Learning Theories In: Philosophy and Psychology Submitted By MarySCHOOLS Words Pages Theory the World Is Too Words: Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Research Paper Paper : Essay Writer Buy College Essays Online College Essay Help Online Buy Research Essay on learning theories Write My Term Paper Research Paper For Sale Case Study Writing Help Buy An Essay Online Pay For Papers Write A Case Study For Me Buy Assignment Online Coursework Help Online Already Written Essays Buy Pre Written Essays Edit My Paper For Me Custom Dissertation Dissertation Help Online Thesis Writer Speech Writers For Hire MBA Essay Writer Buy Coursework Online Show All. Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. The social learning theory is widely seen as the bridge between the cognitive learning and behaviorism, and it is this combination of two theories or approaches to learning that makes it most applicable for my parenting approach, essay on learning theories. shtml Webpages Niven, essay on learning theories, P.
Behavioral Theories of Learning
This idea of guidance is important; children need the framework and support to expand their ZPD. Since the ZPD defines the skills and abilities that children are in the process of developing, there is also a range of development that we might call a "stretch goal" Mooney. For Vygotsky, supplying the child with a combination of theoretical and empirical learning methods is a more robust way to ensure cognition. This leads to something he called "leading activity," which, especially in middle childhood e. elementary schoolbecomes an important formative step in the development of self-consciousness and a way to define the student's role within the world.
Sell- reflection is one major accomplishment during this period, the transition from using social and cultural norms essay on learning theories values for evaluating the external world peers, etc. and then also mastering these concepts for inward, or self-reflection. As this process evolves, the child in the middle…. Bibliography Boakes, R. From Darwin to Essay on learning theories. Cambridge: Cabridge University Press. Bronfenbrenner, U. The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cremin, L. The Transformation of the School. New York: Vantage. Durlach, P. Learning and Performance in Pavlovian Conditioning, essay on learning theories.
Klein, Contemporary Learning Theories pp. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. It documented the preceding era's educational beliefs and styles in the field of mathematics and the results from implementing those beliefs on a wide scale. The study sought to organize three themes including; "broad sociopolitical forces, particularly highly publicized educational policy statements; trends in mathematics research and theories of learning and instruction" Mathematics,pg. These themes, in particular, essay on learning theories, were focused on the effect or lack thereof they had on the field of mathematics. What the review seemed to find was that there were a number of areas of improvement that could take place in the field. One such area was that "too much instruction, particularly under the influence of behaviorism, had come to mean that students simply memorized what the teacher directed them to learn" Mathematics, pg.
Since the course allowed us to discover the differences in learning styles and theories it is interesting that one of…. References Becker, K. Wheeler; ichey; Tokkman; Sablynski, In order to accomplish an outstanding job of supervising external relationship, companies must be ready for undertaking an outstanding job of carrying out internal relationships. This endeavor initiates with the recruitment, selection and retaining the appropriate staff. Whereas companies try hard to stand essay on learning theories to the knowledge, skills and aptitude -- KSAs of the prospective workforce to the urgencies of the job, majority of them does not have the time or the wherewithal to execute detailed recruitment and selection systems.
This is particularly the case in which comparatively increased turnover levels authorize that hiring and selection processes be speedy and feasible. In order to live up to this challenge, managers sometimes concentrate on a collection of simply expressive personal attributes such as experience, length of service, age or education that can be evaluated during interview or going through the details of a job application. References Benavides, Lily. pdf Gass, David, essay on learning theories. The role of language was less visible in Skinner, other than as one, among many essay on learning theories tools.
Vygotsky stressed language acquisition as a vital, constant, but again, not always predictable and sequential part of different individual's learning, and that the word could be a microcosm of a human consciousness, if the right words could render a concept uniquely comprehensible to individuals in a particular learning environment. Thus in Skinner's rubric of learning, the learner was the passive instrument of the teacher, while in Vygotsky the learner was more individually empowered, but more socially located and dependant creature. However, unlike Skinner, who saw the ability of an individual to learn as limitless provided there was proper environmental shaping on the part of the conditioning teacher, Vygotsky essay on learning theories saw learning as limited unless a student had proper social contacts.
He believed in the need for learning to take place in developmental stages,…. It focuses on internal thoughts, expectations, essay on learning theories, and feeback loops. We develop our own unique "style" of learning through practice, but also a predisposition toward, reading it aloud; playing wih toys and manipultors. This combines with styles like aural, visual, and kinesthetic to form a basis for individual learning theory. Summary 4 -- Observational Theory -- Learning through imitation - It is very easy to see how observational learning is important in early childhood education -- we learn to immitate adults and therefore become somewhat acculturated as well. However, observational learning cannot replace cognitive thinking about certain skills and actions surgery, translating, piloting a complex machine, etc.
Instead, it becomes somewhat like behavior modification in that it becomes habitual -- almost reflexive and inate to the learner. Summary 5- Does culture shape learning? learning theories you selected. I chose social constructivism and critical pedagogy. I have always been fascinated by social constructivism for it enables me to see that much of what I take for granted has, in reality, been shaped by a constantly evolving and developing process of cultural interpretation. As Berger and Luckmann have explained in their 'Social construction of reality', we are shaped by our cultural perspectives and internalizations but then, in turn, certain individuals act in certain ways that may be different to the cultural norms essay on learning theories the time, and, by doing so, they slightly change cultural perspective.
In a dialectic twist, the evolved culture continues on its way shaping interpretations, perspective, and behavior of all those born into that specific culture, ethnicity, and race. As compared to nursing, I have noticed that many fads that were once common, no longer exist. This not only refers to different…. References Bjorklund No man's land: gender bias and social constructivism in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27, Berger, P. Street, F. Learning Theories: Implications for the Nurse Educator There are two specific learning theories that have to be addressed here.
These are social cognitive and constructivist. By discussing both of these through the lens of the nurse educator, one is better able to understand how these theories work within that context and how they can affect not only what the nurse educator chooses to teach but what and how those who need nursing education actually learn. In other words, it is believed that human beings cannot learn everything from their own experiences, and that part of helping the human race to continue is learning how to adapt from seeing what others are doing Pajares, et al. While that might seem to be common sense, it is a very important theory of learning that has…. References Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Berg, I. Working with the problem drinker: A Solution-focused approach.
NY: Norton. Pajares, F. Social cognitive theory and media effects. In Nabi, Essay on learning theories L. LA: Sage. Atkinson R. Learning from examples: Instructional principles from the worked examples research. Review of Educational Research, -- Learning Theories and Models One of the earliest types of learning theory is that of behaviorist theory, made famous by theorists such as B. Although Skinner formalized the principles of behaviorism down to a science, at essay on learning theories core behaviorism is based upon simple 'carrot and stick' theory learning, namely that students are punished when they are incorrect and rewarded when they produce the desired response -- or in the workplace where workers are docked pay when they are late and rewarded with a bonus if they sell more widgets.
Cognitive theories of learning, essay on learning theories, as the name suggests, are based in the belief that "knowledge is actively constructed by learners and that any account of knowledge makes essential references to cognitive structures" Behaviorism,Teaching guide for graduate instructors. Skinner used schedules of reinforcement in the form of operant conditioning to train animals to run mazes and push buttons by…. References Behaviorism. Teaching guide for graduate instructors. UC Berkeley. html Constructivism as a paradigm for teaching and learning, essay on learning theories. Concept to Classroom. There are advantages and disadvantages to the theory of constructivism.
On the positive side, it means that children are ferocious learners because they have the innate neural tools in place to properly absorb and classify information. Piaget would argue that children need only be given the stimuli -- environment, information or other factors -- at the appropriate time when a child's brain is ready to absorb information. Piaget suggested that learning takes essay on learning theories in stages. During one period, for example, a child might be fascinated by volumes, numbers and the relationship between essay on learning theories. The child may then want to focus on understanding everything that there is to do with size, volume, counting and other mathematical and geometric concepts, essay on learning theories. The disadvantage of using Piaget's theory is that it makes it….
Bibliography Bandura, a. Organizational Application of Social Cognitive Theory. Australian Journal of Management, Hetherington, E. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pirsig, R. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.
law of attraction essay
Topic: Students , Reward , Learning , Experience , Behavior , Theory , Stimulus , Crime. Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of Behaviorism theories. In Pavlov classical conditioning, a stimulus is presented to the learner, in order to elicit a response.
The response is brought by initially presenting the conditioned stimulus, along with an unconditioned stimulus. Once the learner is habituated to respond to a combination of both stimuli, the conditioned stimuli in isolation can bring about the expected response. This is a reward based method of motivating the student to learn and the reward acts as an unconditioned stimulus. The techniques that I will use based on the classical conditioning theory, is a promise of picnic to all students who perform well in the spellings. This reward of picnic will help elicit their interest, enthusiasm and passion for learning. These positive traits cannot be incorporated through punishment as in Skinners Operant conditioning. This system does not give importance to the active role of student in the learning process.
Nevertheless, between reward and punishment, reward will give a more enriching experience and do less psychological harm. We accept sample papers from students via the submission form. If this essay belongs to you and you no longer want us to display it, you can put a claim on it and we will remove it. Just fill out the removal request form with all necessary details, such as page location and some verification of you being a true owner. Please note that we cannot guarantee that unsubstantiated claims will be satisfied. Note: this sample is kindly provided by a student like you, use it only as a guidance. ID Subscribe to WowEssays Premium and get access to over 1 MILLION high-quality downloadable samples. GET ACCESS NOW. Password recovery email has been sent to email email.
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Hire this Writer. Calculate Price And Order An Essay. Academic level High school College University PhD. Deadline 3 hours 6 hours 12 hours 24 hours 2 days 3 days 7 days 14 days 20 days. order now. Submit your old papers to our essay database and help fellow students to learn from example. This is your chance to pay it forward! Submit Your Paper. However, unlike Skinner, who saw the ability of an individual to learn as limitless provided there was proper environmental shaping on the part of the conditioning teacher, Vygotsky believed saw learning as limited unless a student had proper social contacts. He believed in the need for learning to take place in developmental stages,….
It focuses on internal thoughts, expectations, and feeback loops. We develop our own unique "style" of learning through practice, but also a predisposition toward, reading it aloud; playing wih toys and manipultors. This combines with styles like aural, visual, and kinesthetic to form a basis for individual learning theory. Summary 4 -- Observational Theory -- Learning through imitation - It is very easy to see how observational learning is important in early childhood education -- we learn to immitate adults and therefore become somewhat acculturated as well.
However, observational learning cannot replace cognitive thinking about certain skills and actions surgery, translating, piloting a complex machine, etc. Instead, it becomes somewhat like behavior modification in that it becomes habitual -- almost reflexive and inate to the learner. Summary 5- Does culture shape learning? learning theories you selected. I chose social constructivism and critical pedagogy. I have always been fascinated by social constructivism for it enables me to see that much of what I take for granted has, in reality, been shaped by a constantly evolving and developing process of cultural interpretation.
As Berger and Luckmann have explained in their 'Social construction of reality', we are shaped by our cultural perspectives and internalizations but then, in turn, certain individuals act in certain ways that may be different to the cultural norms of the time, and, by doing so, they slightly change cultural perspective. In a dialectic twist, the evolved culture continues on its way shaping interpretations, perspective, and behavior of all those born into that specific culture, ethnicity, and race. As compared to nursing, I have noticed that many fads that were once common, no longer exist. This not only refers to different…. References Bjorklund No man's land: gender bias and social constructivism in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27, Berger, P.
Street, F. Learning Theories: Implications for the Nurse Educator There are two specific learning theories that have to be addressed here. These are social cognitive and constructivist. By discussing both of these through the lens of the nurse educator, one is better able to understand how these theories work within that context and how they can affect not only what the nurse educator chooses to teach but what and how those who need nursing education actually learn. In other words, it is believed that human beings cannot learn everything from their own experiences, and that part of helping the human race to continue is learning how to adapt from seeing what others are doing Pajares, et al. While that might seem to be common sense, it is a very important theory of learning that has….
References Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Berg, I. Working with the problem drinker: A Solution-focused approach. NY: Norton. Pajares, F. Social cognitive theory and media effects. In Nabi, Robin L. LA: Sage. Atkinson R. Learning from examples: Instructional principles from the worked examples research. Review of Educational Research, -- Learning Theories and Models One of the earliest types of learning theory is that of behaviorist theory, made famous by theorists such as B. Although Skinner formalized the principles of behaviorism down to a science, at its core behaviorism is based upon simple 'carrot and stick' theory learning, namely that students are punished when they are incorrect and rewarded when they produce the desired response -- or in the workplace where workers are docked pay when they are late and rewarded with a bonus if they sell more widgets.
Cognitive theories of learning, as the name suggests, are based in the belief that "knowledge is actively constructed by learners and that any account of knowledge makes essential references to cognitive structures" Behaviorism, , Teaching guide for graduate instructors. Skinner used schedules of reinforcement in the form of operant conditioning to train animals to run mazes and push buttons by…. References Behaviorism. Teaching guide for graduate instructors. UC Berkeley. html Constructivism as a paradigm for teaching and learning. Concept to Classroom. There are advantages and disadvantages to the theory of constructivism. On the positive side, it means that children are ferocious learners because they have the innate neural tools in place to properly absorb and classify information.
Piaget would argue that children need only be given the stimuli -- environment, information or other factors -- at the appropriate time when a child's brain is ready to absorb information. Piaget suggested that learning takes place in stages. During one period, for example, a child might be fascinated by volumes, numbers and the relationship between them. The child may then want to focus on understanding everything that there is to do with size, volume, counting and other mathematical and geometric concepts. The disadvantage of using Piaget's theory is that it makes it…. Bibliography Bandura, a. Organizational Application of Social Cognitive Theory.
Australian Journal of Management, Hetherington, E. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pirsig, R. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. New York: William Morrow. Skinner, B. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: D. Learning Theories of ELLs and School Culture Situated cognition theory; Situated cognition theory states that the knowledge that people possess is embedded in their activities, culture and context within which it is learned. This type of learning is also commonly referred to as "situated learning. Critics point out that such an assumption inhibits the effectiveness of the teaching practice.
Inferences from recent research indicate that knowledge is situated as is partly a product of the activity, context and culture in which it is hatched and applied. Researchers have cast light on how this perspective of knowledge influences an understanding of the learning process. They point out that conventional schooling often ignores the critical role of the school of culture in the overall learning that goes on at school. These researchers have…. Works Cited A. Cognitive Apprenticeship and Instructional Technology. Technica Report. Brown, J. Situated Cognition and The Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher. Technical Report. Krashen and the Natural Approach. The Importance of Diet and Exercise among African Immigrant Ages 25 to 50 Years Old Living in Grande Prairie Alberta Canada.
Obesity is a serious health concern in world today. The health effect of obesity is that it predisposes one to health complications such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Such health complications that are often associated with a state of overweight makes it a concern to health care providers and the public. The state of obesity has been prevalent among immigrant communities who come from developing countries and Africa in particular. One study found out that obesity has the effect of increased mortality rate in any population due to its ability to cause…. References Anis A. Obesity and overweight in Canada: an updated cost-of-illness study.
Obes Rev. The association between body mass index and health-related quality of life: influence of ethnicity on this relationship. Diabetes Obes Metab. Gele A. Overweight and Obesity among African Immigrants. Biomed Central, 6 1 : Twells LK, Gregory DM, Reddigan J, Midodzi WK. Current and predicted prevalence of obesity in Canada: a trend analysis. CMAJ Open. The key assumptions underlying strain, control, and learning theories of criminal behavior are similar, which is why they are sometimes integrated or at least interrelated in criminological discourse. A breakdown of social cohesion can result from the ineffectiveness or the perceived illegitimacy of social institutions.
Thomas Merton proposed that anomie can be exacerbated when individuals experience strain—or psychological distress—resulting from unmet needs, especially when those needs are unmet due to sociological problems such as inequality, injustice, or disparity. Control theories posit a set of internal and external controls on individual or even collective behavior. Social institutions are assumed to serve as mechanisms of social control, also influencing individual behaviors via a series of real or perceived constraints. Like strain theories, control theories assume that social cohesion is…. Thus instrumental condition would rely on the notion that a person generates a response rather than an environmental stimulus.
I have found that both people and stimulus may elicit certain behaviors both in and outside of the classroom. Instrumental conditioning is modeled after animal experiments which showed that the individual's environment can reinforce response controls, thus the best responses occur when reinforcement of a particular behavior is given. This I have learned to be the case in the classroom most assuredly, where students are more likely to exhibit positive behaviors more frequently when they are reinforced immediately for demonstrating positive behaviors. Generally the patterns that emerge from such conditioning are self-directed, meaning that I have found that most students engage in behaviors and continue to engage in behaviors which they find result in a positive response regardless of the environment they are placed in.
With regard to controlling adverse behavior,…. References Chang, Min-Yu S. html Klein, S. McGraw Hill. Dominant Learning Theories Excellence in the field of pedagogy depends on an understanding of the major learning theories and models along with an ability to use them when appropriate. Even if one doesn't agree with these major learning theories, it's still important to be aware of them as a professional. A strong comprehension of the major learning theories can also help to guide one's actions and choices as an educator, scholar or general pedagogue. Behaviorism, for example, is a major learning theory which asserts that the bulk of learning that occurs in human beings is done through conditioning.
This is important as it puts a lot of focus on the power of the environment and how the environment can shape a person's behaviors through the stimuli acquired. Behaviorism is a school of learning which pays very little attention to mental states, finding things like moods and emotions to be too…. References Cherry, K. What Is Behaviorism? Retrieved from about. htm Euromedinfo. Behavioral, cognitive, humanist approaches. Retrieved from euromedinfo. Cognitive Theory. learning theories, and apply them to the adult learning environment. Specifically behavioral, constructivist, and cognitive learning theories are examined. The focus of the behavioral learning model is changes in behavior facilitated by stimuli provided by the learner's environment; not stimuli produced by the learner.
einforcement of stimuli in the environment are thought to effect change and therefore become critical to the learning process in this learning theory model. The learner's responses to stimuli can be strengthened depending on how one is conditioned to respond; meaning, in the behavioral model, positive reinforcement can serve to enforce positive learning. Also important to the behavioral model is repetition and generalization of important learning concepts Hartley, These serve to…. References: Bruner, J. Toward a theory of instruction.
Harvard University Press. Bruner, J. The culture of education. Hartley, J. Learning and studying. A research perspective. London: Routledge. Huang, Hisu-Mei. Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology. Vol 33, No. Integrating Learing Theories Integrating Learning Theories In adult education, there are number of theories utilized to influence the tools educators are using to connect with students. To fully understand them requires looking at the different ones. Together, these elements will highlight the best techniques for reaching out to adult learners. Simulate the ideal teaching philosophy The ideal teaching philosophy is one that connects to individuals using their unique learning styles and has a way of reinforcing them.
This involves having a combination of active classroom discussion, group work and hands on training. During this process, they will utilize technology to enhance their understanding of key concepts and focus on meeting important objectives in the course. When this happens, the…. References Davis, D. The Adult Learner's Companion. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Jacobs, F. The Adult Learner's Guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Robert, P. Adult Education. New York, NY: Routledge. Ross, J. Research on Adult Learners. Peer Review, 31 1 , Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students" presents a number of important factors that are intrinsic to the propagation of adult education.
The authors take a decidedly comprehensive approach to characterizing key distinctions between adult learners and those who are non-adults. As such, the pair make a number of astute observations that directly affect the way that the curriculum and program content should be facilitated for these learners, in order to maximize the didactic process. A thorough review of this article reveals that by choosing to emphasize various aspects of the adult learning experience, the curriculum can be significantly tailored in order to curb the rate of attrition and help adult learners thrive. The first several pages of this article are concerned with identifying and discussing the ramifications of attributes that are intrinsic to adult learners.
Oftentimes, these learners are distinct from others in the fact that the former…. References Kenner, C. An article in the Journal of Sex Research brings attention to operant conditioning by juxtaposing - comparing and contrasting - it with the social learning theory that Julian P. Rotter developed. Social learning in fact embraces aspects of operant conditioning which is also known as "radical behaviorism" , and Rotter assumed that "behavior is goal directed and emphasized expectations of reward and perceived values of rewards. For example, the reward that a deviant…. Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality. The Journal of Sex Research 35 1 , The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward an Understanding of Stimulus Equivalence.
Psychological Record, 48 2 ,. Social Learning Theory and Parenting Skills The most applicable and relevant philosophy in parenting particularly of the preschool years children is the social learning theory that was proposed and developed by Albert Bandura. The social learning theory is widely seen as the bridge between the cognitive learning and behaviorism, and it is this combination of two theories or approaches to learning that makes it most applicable for my parenting approach. This approach concentrates on attention, motivation as well as memory. This theory indicates that people learn through seeing the behaviors of others, their attitudes and the result of their behaviors. In this sphere, learning is continuous and involves the reciprocation of the behavior of the individual, the environmental influences, the cognitive influences that models the individual Albert Bendura, Pp3.
In a nut shell, the individual is aware of the relationship between his behavior and the consequences, and he learns these…. References Albert Bendura, Social Learning Theory. Stanford University. pdf Johansson T. al Preschool teachers view on learning in preschool in Sweden and Denmark. European Early Childhood Education Research. pdf Serve Preschool: Thinking and learning. Learning Due primarily to the growing trend of globalization, education has now become paramount to the overall success of society. International competition for both jobs and prominent positions poses both threats and benefits.
For one, international competition encourages innovations which ultimately increases the overall quality of life for society. Innovations such as the internet have given rise to many unique and attractive markets. However, in order to take full advantage of the opportunities globalization and business presents, society must properly educate itself. Through education, civilization can fill the needed jobs required to utilize growing fields of innovation. The underlying principles within education have now been altered. New techniques are required to retain more information. Alternatively methods must be simple enough that students can utilize it in an effective manner within their respective careers. Many theories have been developed in regards to learning theories.
These theories primarily consist of behavior, cognitive,…. Learning Reinforcement For learning to effectively take place, a number of concepts must be brought together and these include but are not in any way limited to environmental, emotional as well as cognitive influences. One of the most prominent learning theories is the social learning theory whose fronting was most prominently done by Albert andura amongst others. The Social Learning Theory The social learning theory is founded on the view that most learning is undertaken within the social context. However, according to Ronald L. Akers, the social learning theory must not only be taken to be a theory of peer influence. With that in mind, the key concepts in this case include; modeling, imitation as well as observational learning.
The social learning theory has four basic principles with the first principle stating that most of the learning is informed by an observation of behavior. Here, the reasoning is that the…. Bibliography Akers, Ronald. Social Learning and Social Structures: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Transaction Publishers, Griffin, Ricky Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. Cengage Learning, Sarafino, Edward. Self-Management: Using Behavioral and Cognitive Principles to Manage Your Life. John Wiley and Sons, Ronald Akers, Social Learning and Social Structures: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance Transaction Publishers, , atching videos.
Color coding words and researching notes. Outlining reading. Using flashcards. Using highlighters, circle words and underlining Fleming, If one focuses more on illustrative or graphical knowledge than on the expressions of what is being taught, they put themselves at a distinctive weakness since verbal and written knowledge is still the chief favored option for delivery of knowledge. One should apply their note taking and try to find occasions to make clear information to others by way of using words. A visual learner learns best when knowledge is given to them visually and in a printed language arrangement. In a classroom location, they profit from teachers who employ the blackboard or overhead projector in order to register the vital parts of a lecture, or who supply them with an outline in order to follow along with throughout the lecture.
They profit from knowledge attained from textbooks and class…. Works Cited "DVC Online," , viewed 23 October, Fleming, Grace. Learning and Cognition Definition of Learning Merriam-Webster defines learning as "knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study; modification of a behavioral tendency by experience as exposure to conditioning " Merriam-Webster, Other experts defines learning as a process, one that leads to behavioral change or potential behavior change that is relatively permanent. That is, as people learn, his or her learning alters the way one perceives the environment, the way he or she interprets incoming stimuli, and therefore, the way one interacts or behaves Introduction to Learning Theory, According to Cherry , learning is a permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience.
The common characteristic that all these definitions share is their identification of a behavioral component as part of the process of learning. In other words, for learning to occur, a change in behavior takes place. The ole of Behavior For the early part of…. References Bietz, K. The relationship between learning and cognition. Bright Hub. aspx Cherry, K. Learning Study Guide. com Psychology. htm Introduction to Learning Theory and Behavioral Psychology. html Merriam-Webster. This learning is far more likely to occur if observed behaviors are met with rewards, however. Observational learning is also at the heart of the controversy concerning violence in the media, which some believe leads to more violent behavior in real life as individuals observe and learn from "fake" violent depictions.
Pages There is growing evidence that violent media does in fact lead to increased real-world violence, both with "copy-cat" crimes and simply with violence generally. Exposure to violence lowers inhibitions against violence and possibly alters perceptions about the meanings and intentions behind others' behaviors, as well, causing nonviolent acts to be perceived as…. Psychology in Group Work Learning Theory There are many theories that describe the process of human development. Most of us have identified with the learning theory. The learning theory has been given credit because it makes sense.
In this article, we shall discuss one theory, which the author developed in an educational setting. The focus is on Bandura who is the key theorist in his learning theory Agnew, Behaviors are taken into focus in Bandura's learning theory. The theory is significantly useful offering techniques of teaching and modifying of behavior. In the following sections, examples are going to be provided. This study will begin with clarification of the basic concept of the specified theory. This will be followed with a discussion of the theory's practical use: both classroom and clinical application Bandura, The learning theory of Bandura The learning theory of Bandura provides that we learn from one….
References Agnew, R. A revised strained theory of delinquency. Social Forces 64 1 : doi: Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. learning can be categorized into three distinct groups: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism refers to the student's interaction with the environment and focuses on the external aspects of learning and on that which encourages learning such as positive reinforcement on the one hand and punishment on the toehr. Cogntivism, on the other hand, focuses on attitudes, motivation, and ideas and refers to the brain's interaction with the academic environment and with subject taught.
Finally, constructivism represents and describes the situation where the learner actively builds new ideas or constructs learning situations. Behaviorism Behaviorism believes that external actions and manner dominate if not replace cognition. References Brown, B. Teaching Science as a Language: A "Content-First" Approach to Science Teaching. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 45 5 : -- Charles, C. Building classroom discipline. USA: Pearson Pub. Baron, R. Social Psychology 11th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Benson, N. Introducing Psychology. K: Totem Books. In conjunction with these perspectives on how to create a highly effective online learning platform that aligns to the specific needs of students, there is a corresponding area of research that concentrates on teaching resiliency in the teaching process.
The work of Dr. Carol Dweck of Stanford University underscores the need for leading students to continually challenge themselves to grow and have a very strong growth mindset vs. A limited on. She draws on an empirically-derived research study that shows the greater the growth mindset of even the most talented and gifted mindset, the greater the long-term performance gains they make in life Dweck, Her book, Mindset, challenges both students and teachers to create a culture of continual focus on excellence and continual striving to improve, never taking a closed or limited mindset to improvement. It is an inspirational book and shows that there is hope for continual improvement…. Works Cited Ahlfeldt, S. Measurement and analysis of student engagement in university classes where varying levels of PBL methods of instruction are in use.
Basile, a. An experimental analysis of computer-mediated instruction and student attitudes in a Principles of Financial Accounting course. Journal of Education for Business, 77 3 , Beard, L. Students perceptions of online vs. campus instruction. Education, 4 , Dutton, j. How do Online Students Differ from Lecture Students? It is fairly clear that there was learning going on when the children observed aggressive behavior, but leaping immediately to the conclusion that what was learned was aggression, and not the specific behaviors exhibited by the adult models and repeated by the children, seems at least a little presumptive. If it can be assumed that the children in the experiment had never witnessed the specific behaviors of the models prior to the experiment which would have been necessary to establish for the experiment itself to be valid , then the behavior might have been simply frightening to them, and acting out the behaviors might have been a method of familiarizing themselves with the behavior so as to understand it and make it less frightening.
Though the end result would be the same desensitization to aggression, the possibility of this mechanism is important. This possibility, and the construction and results of the…. References Isom, M. Accessed 29 August htm Van Wagner, K. Theories Skinner's radical behaviorism has been used to provide explanations for a number of behavioral phenomenon including criminal behavior Skinner, For instance, the crime of burglary offers an example of how antisocial behaviors are learned through reinforcement. Members of society that commonly engage in theft or burglary learn their trade via the reinforcing aspects of stealing. The need to steal may be initially activated by means of some form of need or desire to have material gain; however, for many individuals who habitually engage in thievery repeated stealing is positively reinforced by the tangible acquisition of goods provided by these activities.
For many of these individuals this behavior is reinforced by the notion that it is easier to steal from others then to apply oneself, work hard, and take the chance on getting the lees than desired rewards. However, many habitual criminals actually put in as much effort into…. References Andrews, D. The psychology of criminal conduct and principles of effective prevention and rehabilitation. Forum on Corrections Research. Special Edition. shtml Bandura, A. Social leaning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Raine, A. The biological basis of crime. Petrsilia Eds.
Crime:Public policies for crime control. Oakland: ICS Press. The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, , -- theories emphasize mainly on student activity as opposed to teachers teaching. The argument is that a student's experiences coupled with study are areas where learning begins. This is closely associated with the change in psychological theories with regard to learning from behaviorism to constructivism. I use active teaching as opposed to passive teaching. Passive learning takes place when the student only takes in whatever the tutor avails. This form of learning is considered less effective compared to active learning, in which the student seeks out whatever he or she needs to understand.
Thus, passive learning seems to promote surface learning instead of deep learning. Since deep learning entails the search for meaning in whatever is learnt, it is insightful oberts, I rely mostly on constructivism in my teaching. In constructivism, learners are considered sense-makers since they not only record the given information but also interpret it. This understanding of…. References Roberts A. ABC of Learning. htm Smith, M. Learning Theory. The Informal Encyclopedia of Education. htm UNESCO n. Most influential theories of learning. Teaching with the Constructivist Learning Theory. Community Colleges in America In and , a dozen major reports on the United States' schools were published.
All stressed the need for "excellence" in education. These reports are the subject of: Excellence in Education: Perspectives on Policy and Practice. The reports pertaining to higher education were published by The BusinessHigher Education Forum, and saw higher education as "unable to train skilled managers and technicians that they believed industry needed. The intuitive grasp of problems and…. Works Cited Altbach, Philip G. Kelly, and Lois Weis, eds. Excellence in Education: Perspectives on Policy and Practice. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, Baker, George A. A Handbook on the Community College in America: Its History, Mission, and Management.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Diaz, David P. Miller, Richard I. Evaluating, Improving, and Judging Faculty Performance in Two-Year Colleges. Behaviorist and Cognitive Theory Psychology took a center stage and significant change in the early 20th Century when the behaviorism school of thought became dominant. This was a major change from other theoretical perspectives that existed before hence rejecting emphasis on unconscious and conscious mind. Behaviorism strove to see that psychology becomes a more scientific discipline in that focus will be mainly on observable behavior. This approach to psychology whereby the elements of philosophy, methodology and theory are combined. The primary tenet of behaviorism as it was expressed by JohnB.
Watson, B. F Skinner in writing is that the primary concern in psychology should be the behaviors that can be observed both in humans and animals and not the unobserved events which take place within the minds of individuals. This school of thought maintains that behaviors can easily be described scientifically without recourse either to any psychological events that occur internally or…. References Leahey, T. History of Psychology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. ISBN Fritscher, L. htm Gonzalez-Prendes, A. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Gender-Specific Theory of Delinquency Several theories have strived to explain delinquency and crime within the society, most of which center around the individual and the personal make up or biology, yet others focus on the surrounding that the individual grows up in and the people they interact with.
There are theories that are gender specific in that they tend to explain how the fact that an individual is of a given gender is a predisposition to get involved in some given crime or delinquency within the society, one of such theories which will also form the focus of the paper is the social learning theory. The society often ascribe gender specific roles that the girls and the boys are implicitly expected to adhere to. The girls are often expected to take up some form of behavior, often subtle, though effective way of perpetuating the responsibilities and characters that are deemed…. References Albert Badnura, pdf Smith M. Social Learning Theory in Second Life. Describe how the behavior could be changed using the principles of a particular learning theory.
Then describe how the same behavior could be changed using a different theory. Depending on the behavior to be changed and replaced, you might also discuss why one plan might work better for men than women, or for younger people than older people. References Behlol, M. Concept of Learning. International Journal Of Psychological Studies, 2 2 , Bradshaw, M. Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions 6th ed. DeYoung, P. Relational psychotherapy: a primer. New York: Brunner-. Learning that is imparted through an educational institution or training company within the workplace setting in known as Work-based learning WL.
WL is administered by an external teacher in professional capacity and supervised by an employee of the company where WL is imparted. An exhaustive literature review indicates that it was only after Moser report's shocking revelations, regarding lack of literacy, language, and numeracy skills in one out every five adults in ritain that U. K took expedited policy actions to introduce WL. WL is relevant for all adult and young learners and more pertinent for instruction of English as a second language ESL. Since medium of interaction and business transactions in U. K is English, instruction of ESL is essential for empowering vast percentage of population that does not have requisite skills to compete in labor market due to lack of language skills.
Increased use of computers and multimedia in teaching…. Guthrie Ed. New York: Guilford. Becker, HJ
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